[111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. J Sleep Res. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. 2011;18:32533. Neurobiol Learn Mem. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 2008;86:718. 2003;41:26887. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. 2007;34:146779. 1992;114:16202. Surg Neurol. 1999;75:44756. 2005;161:3314. CAS CAS In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Clin Neurophysiol. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. 2008;49:16370. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Pathophysiology. Biol Chem. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 1984;11:4760. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Brain Res. Wang et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. PubMed 2003;14:2436. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Gene. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. 2014;8:63. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. 2005;438:18592. radiations. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. P Nat Acad. J Mol Neurosci. 1975;148:1723. radiation with wavelengths. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Clinics. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Behav Brain Res. Technol Cancer Res Treat. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. 2014;70:84555. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2012;31:25074. Bioelectromagnetics. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 2017;38:106976. Mack et al. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2017;52:23947. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Cell Biochem Biophys. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. 2008;169:3845. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Google Scholar. 2011;343:5224. J Clin Oncol. BMJ. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Zhang et al. Vorobyov et al. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. PubMed Exp Neurobiol. 2010;1347:17985. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. 1996;180:917. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Privacy 2013;34:26474. 2015;91:55561. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Int J Radiat Biol. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. 1993;13:41322. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Int J Radiat Biol. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Wang et al. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Bioelectromagnetics. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Iran J Public Health. Interphone study group. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Nature. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Cobb et al. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Wang et al. 2005;1042:1018. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Neurol Sci. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. 2015;140:23646. Lai et al. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. 2015;148:150. Xu et al. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) 2005;130:591600. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. 2001;93:2037. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2015;28:1324. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). 2012;35:32534. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Bioelectromagnetics. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. 2004;48:46624. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Phot J. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Dasdag et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2003;80:177. PubMed Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Neuroreport. Int J Epidemiol. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Behav Brain Res. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Motawi et al. PubMed Military Medical Research 1996;93:46938. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Sci Total Environ. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Springer Nature. PubMed Central Electromagn Biol Med. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Brain Res. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. 2013;34:58998. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. 2004;23:20114. Google Scholar. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. JAMA. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. . Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. 1984;4:285665. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. 2004;2004:19. 2012;21:6209. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. 2012;112:1715. Am J Epidemiol. Bull Exp Biol Med. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2005;22:32931. Cite this article. 2016;397:2239. Behav Brain Res. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. 1992;49:1818. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Article J Environ Health. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. 2 Researchers have been working. Electromagn Biol Med. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Google Scholar. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. PubMed It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. However,. Rev Environ Health. Richter et al. Chin J Indus Hyg. Harris KM. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. 2014;53:22230. Qutob et al. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. J Med Food. 2010;3:4650. Koch C, Zador A. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Biochem J. Neurosci Lett. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Trends Neurosci. Int J Radiat Biol.



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