Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. /Prev 679084 Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. J. abnorm. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Eddie has made the _________. 0000013918 00000 n In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. 0000094931 00000 n Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. & KING, B.T. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? June 22, 2015 Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Festinger, L. (1957). /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] He must be a genius." Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. endstream The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. But other factors would enter also. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." How would a social psychologist describe this situation? This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Which of the following statements is TRUE? 59 0 obj The five ratings were: 1. soc. (p.3). Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). /E 95019 Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. by meredith_davis9, Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. >> More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. startxref Take it with you wherever you go. Don't see what you need? For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. %PDF-1.7 % Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. 47 0 obj A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. (Boulding, 1969) The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Their prediction provedcorrect. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. To which he readily agrees. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition.



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