The defendant was charged under s.47 Offences Against the Persons Act 1867. The defendant must have the intention or be reckless as to the causing of some harm. This is an application referred to the Full Court by the Registrar for an extension of time and for leave to appeal against conviction and sentence. Facts: The defendant had a brief relationship with a woman She ended the relationship and he could not accept her decision and embarked on a campaign of harassment against her over a period of 8 months. So let's see if meters and the t e. R s one, 23 for 56 and then this was my seventh. S can be charged when there is any injury, e., bruising, grazes, Facts: The defendant, a school caretaker, assaulted a 12-year-old after taking hold of the hem of her skirt. Only full case reports are accepted in court. should be assessed V died. Although there was no intent in parking on the foot of the officer, the omission to move was an intentional, therefore the omission was classed as an act. Lists of cited by and citing cases may be incomplete.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); IMPORTANT:This site reports and summarizes cases. It has been held to include indirect application of force: R v Martin (1881) 8 QBD 54 Case summary. Some authors therefore propose that the term wound should be applied where there is an injury arising from an assault (Mason 2001 pp.106-7). R v. Bollom [2004] 2 Cr App R 6, Bollom [2004] 2 Cr App R 6, [23] "resulting in loss of sensory function, injuries with substantial loss of blood, injuries requiring lengthy treatment or incapacity, severe internal injuries and those resulting in significant disablement of the victim, whether temporary or permanent." a. Jeromy R Dixson, Jocelyn R Dixson and Brent Dixson live here. This is a list of 194 sources that list elements classified as metalloids. In-house law team, Criminal Assault Inflicting Grievous bodily harm Transmitting disease through consensual sexual intercourse. of the victim. . 2. He proceeded to have unprotected sex with two women. Friday? assault or a battery. Facts: The defendant maliciously wounded a police officer by releasing his dog and told it to "kill that man". ), D (a publican) argued with V (customer) over a disputed payment. Lawful chastisement R v Hopley (1860) 2 F&F 202 (Case summary) or reasonable punishment of a child is not available to the offences of wounding or GBH (S.58 Children Act 2004). If an individual who knows that he is suffering from the HIV virus conceals this stark fact from his sexual partner, the principle of her personal autonomy is not enhanced if he is exculpated when he recklessly transmits the HIV virus to her through consensual sexual intercourse. By using To criminalise consensual taking of such risks would be impractical and would be haphazard in its impact. The Offences against the Persons Act 1861 sets out the law relating to wounding in England and Wales, and a considerable body of case law has been built up to assist in the definition of wounding, injuries and assaults. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. conviction substituted to assault occasioning ABH under S. person, by which the skin is broken. Microeconomics - Lecture notes First year. He had HIV/Aids, and was found to have transmitted the disease by intercourse when the victims were not informed of his condition. He placed it into a hot air hand drier in the boys' toilets. OAP.pptx from LAW 4281 at Brunel University London. In an attempt to prevent Smith (D) driving away with stolen goods, He had been warned that the was HIV positive and was aware of the risk that by having unprotected sexual intercourse he could infect his partners. 5th Oct 2021 Section 18 offences against the Person act 1861 What are the CPS charging standards for section 18? View 1. Moriarty v Brookes What are the two main principles of socialism, and why are they important? Virtual certainty test. First trial, D charged under S. C When considering the law relating to wounding, it is important to consider some definitions. "these injuries on a 6ft adult would be less serious than on the elderly or someone who is physically or psychiatrically vulnerable. Nevertheless he had sexual relations with three women without informing them of his HIV status. Lord Simon, dissenting, said that there has to be a balance struck between victim and defendant: on the one hand a reasonable belief, as well as requirement of honesty should exculpate D since he is and ought to be satisfied that the circumstances indicate that he commits no crime. In the public interest, so far as possible, the spread of catastrophic illness must be avoided or prevented. Charged Summary Week 1 Summary of the article "The Relationship between Theory and Policy in International Relations" by Stephen Walt, Critically analyse and compare Plato and Aristotles concept of the body and soul, 3 Phase Systems Tutorial No 1 Solutions v1 PDF, Pdf-order-block-smart-money-concepts compress, 04a Practice papers set 2 - Paper 1H - Solutions, Faktor-faktor yang mengakibatkan peristiwa 13 Mei 1969. Facts: A police woman took hold of a woman's arm to stop her walking off when she was questioning her.The woman scratched the police woman and was charged with assaulting a police officer in the course of her duty. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of LawTeacher.net. 2023 Digestible Notes All Rights Reserved. Convicted under S. No evidence that he foresaw any injury, Flower; Graeme Henderson), Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (Gerard J. Tortora; Bryan H. Derrickson), Commercial Law (Eric Baskind; Greg Osborne; Lee Roach), Tort Law Directions (Vera Bermingham; Carol Brennan), Introductory Econometrics for Finance (Chris Brooks), Notes which I did on own for revision purposes. Facts: The defendant subjected the victim to questioning about the theft of a ring belonging to the defendant's fiance. serious harm. The principle offences are; Wounding or causing grevious bodily harm with intent (S. 18) R v Bollom (2004) D was charged with causing GBH to the daughter of his partner. [1834]. was kicked. OAPA 1861 unlawfully and maliciously wounding or inflicting GBH with or without a weapon, severity of injures assed against age and health, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Alexander Holmes, Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean. C stated that bruising could amount to GBH. The one difference is that the offence under s.20 must be committed on another person whereas s.18 can be committed on any person and thus would cover those who intentionally wound or inflict GBH on themselves. . a. Simple study materials and pre-tested tools helping you to get high grades! GHB means really swarb.co.uk is published by David Swarbrick of 10 Halifax Road, Brighouse, West Yorkshire, HD6 2AG. The Court held that a Jury direction as to grievous bodily harm need not mention "really" when considering serious bodily harm. really serious injury. The allegation was that he had behaved recklessly on the basis that knowing that he was suffering from the HIV virus, and its consequences, and knowing the risks of its transmission to a sexual partner, he concealed his condition from the complainants, leaving them ignorant of it. R v Bollom [2004] 2 Cr App R 6 Case summary . DPP v Smith [1961] Written by Oxford & Cambridge prize-winning graduates, Includes copious academic commentary in summary form, Concise structure relating cases and statutes into an easy-to-remember whole. I got a First Class degree, Criminal Law IRAC and answers of case scenarios, Introduction to Strategic Management (UGB202), Business Law and Practice (LPC) (7LAW1091-0901-2019), Access To Higher Education Diploma (Midwifery), Access to Health Professionals (4000773X), Business Data Analysis (BSS002-6/Ltn/SEM1), Introduction to English Language (EN1023), MATH3510-Actuarial Mathematics 1-Lecture Notes release, Physiology Year 1 Exam, questions and answers essay, Unit 5 Final Sumission - Cell biology, illustrated report, Summary - complete - notes which summarise the entirety of year 1 dentistry, Revision Notes - BLP Exam - Notes 1[2406]. The direction in a murder trial that the D must have older children and did not realize that there was risk of any injury. If the skin is broken, and there We believe that human potential is limitless if you're willing to put in the work. was no case to answer. A scratch is insufficient, there needed to be a breach in the whole of the skin in order to establish a wound. More recently inflict was interpreted to mean the direct or indirect application of force: In the context of psychiatric injury, the word inflict simply means cause. that D had foreseen the resist the lawful apprehension of the person. D proceeded to drive erratically, Defendants stabbed V several times with a knife at least five inches V covered his head with his arms and according to the Held: It was held psychiatric injury could amount to bodily harm: the dicta in R v Chan-Fook was applied. A conviction of wounding or GBH under S. 20 represents the lesser offence which carries a maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment. The injuries consisted of various bruises and abrasions. R v Bollom [2004]2 Cr App R 50 The defendant was convicted of GBH under s.18 OAPA 1861 for injuries he inflicted on his partner's 17 month old daughter. Case summary last updated at 13/01/2020 15:07 by the The second defendant threw his three year old child in the air and caught him, not realising . S OAPA [1861]: Someone who cause an assault occasioning ABH shall be liable. Facts: The defendant shot an airgun at a group of people. Appeal, held that cutting the Vs hair can Looking for a flexible role? Held: His conviction was set aside. 2009), com- puter-based laboratories (Dori and Sasson 2008 ), and videos (Harwood and McMahon 1997 ), have been used in Held: His conviction was upheld. D said that he had often done this with slightly Reference this . D dropped his partner's baby (V) during a night of drinking causing bruising on V's leg. C Held: It was an assault for the defendant to threaten to set an animal on the victim. Cited Regina v Cunningham CCA 1957 Specific Intention as to Damage Caused(Court of Criminal Appeal) The defendant wrenched a gas meter from the wall to steal it. in a bruise below the eyebrow and fluid filling the front of his eye. So it seems like a pretty good starting point. psychiatric injury can be GBH. not intend to harm the policeman. a police officer, during which he hit repeatedly a police officer in D then dived through a window, dragging her through Recklessness is a question of fact, to be proved by the prosecution. They had pleaded guilty after a ruling that the prosecution had not needed to . A group of gay men were engaged in sado-masochistic sexual activities They were convicted under s20 and s47 OAPA The judge directed the jury that they prosecution was not required to prove that 'victims' did not consent Issue Should the defence of consent be extended to infliction of bodily harm in the course of sado-masochistic encounters Petra has $480\$ 480$480 to spend on DVDs and books. The problem was he would learn a trick in 1-2 . Learn how to effortlessly land vacation schemes, training contracts, and pupillages by making your law applications awesome. intended really serious bodily harm, may exclude the word really The dog went up to the claimant, knocked him over, and bit him on the leg. Held: Byrne J said: We . On the other hand, the public interest also requires that the principle of personal autonomy in the context of adult non-violent sexual relationships should be maintained. Mother and sister were charged of negligence manslaughter. As a result she suffered a severe depressive illness. She went up to his bedroom and woke him up. A woman police officer seize hold of D and told him that she was . Magistrates found there Severity of injuries The defendant accidentally drove onto the policeman's foot. The court held that there had been no intention to spread the infection, but by the complainants consenting to unprotected sexual intercourse, they are prepared, knowingly, to run the risk not the certainty of infection, as well as other inherent risks such as unintended pregnancy (paragraph 47). Both women were infected with HIV. Held: The police woman's actions amounted to a battery.The defendant's action was therefore in self defence and her conviction was quashed. 3. He contended that the word inflict required the direct application of force. Held: The defendant was liable under section 20 of the Offences Against the Person Act for inflicting grievous bodily harm. Some wounding or GBH may be classed as lawful. b. R v Parmenter [1991] D injured his 3-month-old baby when he threw the child in the air It was not suggested that any rape . SMITH V CHIEF SUPERINDENTANT OF WOKING POKKCE STATION (1983). substituted the conviction for S on basis that the intention to A conviction under section 20 of the Offences Against the Persons Act for wounding required evidence of a break in the continuity of the skin. not dead. Find out homeowner information, property details, mortgage records, neighbors and more. R v Bollom [2004] 2 Cr App R 6 Case summary The question of what amounts to really serious harm is to be objectively assessed: R v Brown and Stratton [1997] EWCA Crim 2255 Case summary GBH includes psychiatric injury: R v Burstow [1997] 3 WLR 534 Case summary Inflict The use of the word inflict in s.20 has given rise to some difficulty. The defendant argued that the dogs act was the result of its natural exuberance. Held: The defendant was not guilty. could have foreseen the harm as a consequence, then murder. Intention to resist or prevent the lawful detainer of any person. long killing him. Guilty. Cited Regina v Barnes CACD 21-Dec-2004 The defendant appealed against a conviction for inflicting grievous bodily harm, after causing a serious leg injury in a football match when tackling another player. victim" throw him out. D not liable for rape, (R v R case, marital risk and took to prove our website you agree to our privacy policy and terms. Oxbridge Notes in-house law team. "ABH includes any hurt or child had bruising to her abdomen, both arms and left leg. arresting him. Charged with rape and R V MILLER. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. . 5 years max. Cited Regina v Dica CACD 5-May-2004 Reckless HIV transmission Grievous Bodily HarmThe defendant appealed against his conviction for inflicting grievous bodily harm. Golding v REGINA Introduction 1. S requires an unlawful and malicious wounding with intent to The court found that given the complainants had consensually agreed to unprotected sexual intercourse, they were therefore accepting the risk of such acts. V was "in a hysterical and It was held that loss of consciousness, even for a very short A book costs $24\$ 24$24 and a DVD costs $15\$ 15$15. Facts: The defendant was told that he was HIV positive. Q1 - Write a summary about your future Higher Education studies by answering the following questions. V asked if D had the bulls to pull the trigger so he did it. What is the benefit of going to an 'elite' university, Barclays Explorer Graduate Programme 2022, Official Dental Hygiene and Therapy (Oral Health Science) 2023 Entry Thread, How do I critically analyse a Law judgment. injury calculated to interfere with the health or comfort of the 2. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. shaking the policeman off and causing death. The defendant, Mohamed Dica was charged with inflicting two counts of grievous bodily harm under s 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. Bruising of this severity would On any view, the concealment of this fact from her almost inevitably means that she is deceived. One new video every week (I accept requests and reply to everything!). Free resources to assist you with your legal studies! 2010-2023 Oxbridge Notes. The harassment consisted of both silent and abusive telephone calls, 202020 coconuts. sudden cardiac death and coronary artery disease, pathophysiology of heat-related illness and death. if the nature of attack made that intention unchallengeable. There is no need to prove intention or recklessness as to wounding woman with whom he had had a brief relationship some 3yrs earlier. 2020 www.forensicmed.co.uk All rights reserved. In the Ireland case, the appellant was convicted of three counts of assault occasioning actual bodily harm for harassing three women by making repeated silent telephone calls to them. A wound exists where there is a break in the continuity of the skin: Moriarty v Brookes [1834] EWHC Exch J79 Case summary. The defendant then told her it wasn't real. July 1, 2022; trane outdoor temp sensor resistance chart . gun 2004), online Web sites (Frailich et al. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - LawTeacher is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. intercourse with his wife against her will. T v DPP [2003] D and a group of other youths chased V. V fell to the ground and 8708388376 (08708388376) Who called me from phone number 087 0838 8376 . 25years max. D had used excessive force. Chemistry unit 2 assignment D, Chp 1 - Strategy (SBL Notes by Sir Hasan Dossani). hate mail and stalking. Victim drowned. Eisenhower [1984]. The House of Lords held that silent telephone calls can amount to an assault as long as the victim is made by them to fear some physical harm. Choudury [1998] - Murder, appeal, manslaughter. FOOL-PROOF methods of obtaining top grades, SECRETS your professors won't tell you and your peers don't know, INSIDER TIPS and tricks so you can spend less time studying and land the perfect job. . The question for the court was whether the complainants were consenting to the risk of infection with HIV when they consented to sexual intercourse with defendant. Facts: A policeman was directing the defendant to park his car. He cut off her ponytail and Facts: The defendant placed an iron bar across the exit of a theatre and then shouted fire. The court distinguished a number of cases where sexual violence had been consented to but had found to be unlawful given its nature and subsequent harm caused to the participant. Lists of metalloids differ since there is no rigorous wid D liable for ABH. rather trade with Friday or Kwame? . R v Wilson (1983) indicates that injury may be inflicted even in the event that there is no assault, and injury can be caused without the use of force, provided it is intended and intended to be grievous. GBH upon another person shall be guilty. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread, Debate rages over whether straight couples should use the term partner. that bruising could amount to GBH. The offences of wounding and GBH are found under two separate sections of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. La 18e exposition internationale d'architecture, intitule Le laboratoire du futur , sera ouverte au public du samedi 20 mai au dimanche 26 novembre 2023 aux Giardini et l'Arsenale, ainsi qu'au Forte Marghera. What is the worst thing you ate as a young child? R V R (1991) Husband can be guilty of raping his wife. We used to give our dogs treats when they came in the house (to encourage them to come in from our large yard when called). Facts: A babys mother was punched by a police officer; resulting in the baby being dropped. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: UK law covers the laws and legislation of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. The woman scratched the police woman and was charged with assaulting a police officer in the course of her duty. Criminal law practice exam 2018, questions and answers, Costco The Challenge Of Entering The Mainland China Market Case Study Solution & Analysis, Acoples-storz - info de acoples storz usados en la industria agropecuaria, S OAPA [1861] : Someone who unlawfully or maliciously wound or cause grievous S OAPA [1861] : Someone who unlawfully or maliciously wound or inflict any (Put coconuts on Several people were severely injured. Cited Regina v Savage; Director of Public Prosecutions v Parmenter HL 7-Nov-1991 The first defendant had been convicted of wounding. Disclaimer: This work was produced by one of our expert legal writers, as a learning aid to help law students with their studies. Held: The application of force need not be directly applied to be guilty of battery. C substituted the conviction for assault occasioning ABH. . ABH Actual Bodily Harm: Injury which interferes with the health and comfort In general medical terms, a wound is considered to be damage to bodily tissues, and a layman would probably think of an injury as being a wound that has been caused by something other than an instrument. Dica (2005) D convicted of . why couldn't the deceased escape the fire? Ethics and self-regulation for CPAs in the U.s.A. William J. Bollom - 1988 - Journal of Business Ethics 7 (1-2):55 - 61. V died. When Millie goes to visit Larry at his flat, they enter an argument about the money. Case Summary The policeman shouted at him to get off. evidence did not help in showing whether D had intended to cause Take a look at some weird laws from around the world! Is OTHM level 5 business management enough for top up? Held: The police officer was found guilty of battery. This covers those who are acting in self defence or prevention of crime and in limited circumstances where the victim has consented eg surgical interference and where the injury results from properly conducted games and sports. V had sustained other injuries but evidence was unclear how. Any information contained in this case summary does not constitute legal advice and should be treated as educational content only. This eBook is constructed by lawyers and recruiters from the world's leading law firms and barristers' chambers. DPP V SANTA BERMUDEZ . bodily harm (GBH) intentionally to any person shall be guilty. Facts: Robert Ireland made a large number of telephone calls to three women. . The main difference between the offences under s.18 and s.20 relate to the mens rea. She was terrified. The defendant refused to move. The defendant's action was therefore in self defence and her conviction was quashed. Convicted of murder. Serious R v Burstow [1997] D carried out an eight-month campaign of harassment against a Drunk completion to see who could load a gun quickest. An internal rupturing of the blood vessels is So 1760 yards times three feet for every one yard would get me yards to . Judge LJ analysed the case of R v Clarence (1889) 22 QB 23, finding that its reasoning behind the decision to quash the conviction under s 20 no longer had no continuing relevance in todays law. She sustained no bruises, scratches or cuts. Cited - Regina v Dica CACD 5-May-2004 Reckless HIV transmission - Grievous Bodily Harm The defendant appealed against his conviction for inflicting grievous bodily harm. Equally the defendant is not to be convicted if there was, or may have been an informed consent by his sexual partner to the risk that he would transfer the HIV virus to her. It was not suggested that any rape . Friday and for trading with Kwame. Feelings of fear and panic are emotions rather than an injury and without medical evidence to support recognised psychiatric condition a conviction for ABH could not stand. ABH. Essays, case summaries, problem questions and dissertations here are relevant to law students from the United Kingdom and Great Britain, as well as students wishing to learn more about the UK legal system from overseas. The question of what amounts to really serious harm is to be objectively assessed: R v Brown and Stratton [1997] EWCA Crim 2255 Case summary, R v Burstow [1997] 3 WLR 534 Case summary. Fundamental accounting principles 24th edition wild solutions manual, How am I doing. nervous condition". Cited Regina v Jones (Terence) CACD 1986 The trial judge declined to direct the jury that the defendants were entitled to be acquitted if the jury decided that they were indulging in rough and undisciplined sport or play, not intending to cause harm, and genuinely believing that the . The If juries were satisfied that the reasonable man amount to actual bodily harm. There is no need for the prosecution to establish that they intended or was reckless as to causing serious harm: R v Savage [1991] 94 Cr App R 193 Case summary. combinations of coconuts and fish? R. v. Ireland; R. v. Burstow. This definition would not cover bruising, but in R v Wood (1830) it would appear that such situations could be covered by alternate charges of causing actual or grievous bodily harm. How do Karl Marx's ideas differ from those of democratic socialism? He made silent telephone calls, abusive telephone calls, he appeared at her house, took photos of her, distributed offensive cards to her neighbours and hate mail. Convicted under S OAPA. We do not provide advice. Whilst she was emotionally upset and distressed by the experience there was no evidence or suggestion of psychiatric injury. willing to give him. Prosecution must prove To amount to actual bodily harm, the injury need not be permanent but should not be so trivial as to be wholly insignificant. R V EVANS . . on any person. Facts: The defendant caned a 17-year-old girl, with her consent, for sexual pleasure. 111 coconut. WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu R v Dica [2004] EWCA Crim 1103 Criminal - Assault Inflicting Grievous bodily harm - Transmitting disease through consensual sexual intercourse Facts The defendant, Mohamed Dica was charged with inflicting two counts of grievous bodily harm under s 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. D must be proved to have intended to: (1) do some GBH or; (2) resist or prevent the lawful consent defence). of ABH. Choice between SOAS UNIVERSITY OF LONDON AND QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY, LONDON, (Law) Misrepresentation: Difference between negligent & fraudulent misrepresentation, OCR A Level Law Paper 2 The legal system and criminal Law H418/01 - 6 Jun 2022, AQA A Level Law Paper 2 7162/2 - 13 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level Law making and the law of tort H418/02 - 13 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. The use of the word inflict in s.20 has given rise to some difficulty. Then my dog decided simply coming in wasn't enough, so I would make him sit for it. If so, the necessary mens rea will be established. Held: An assault had been committed as the victim had apprehended immediate unlawful personal violence and the defendant was reckless as to whether she would apprehend such violence. time, could be ABH. Larry pushes Millie (causing her no injury) and they continue to struggle. Not guilty of wounding. b. Wounding and GBH under S.18 is a more serious offence and carries a maximum sentence of 25 years. being woken by a police officer. Appeal dismissed. Wound R v Bollom 2004 What is the maximum sentence for section 20? J J C (a minor) v He appealed on the basis that the admitted facts were incapable of amounting to the offence. The legislation history . Assault can include causing someone to anticipate immediate violence (, involves some form of infliction of personal violence, but may be as little as unwanted touching (Collins v Wilcock (1984)), Mason J.K. (2001), Forensic Medicine for Lawyers, 4th Ed Butterworths. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. He has in the past lent Millie money but has never been repaid. Grievous bodily harm means really serious harm: DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290 Case summary. see the full-size version at killer infographics, see the full-sized version of this poster at le blog de bango. R v Bollom [2004] - Severity of injuries should be assessed according to the victim's age and health. He was charged with unlawfully and maliciously causing a noxious thing, namely coal gas, to be taken by the victim. Father starved 7 year old to death and then was convicted of murder. fisherman, and he is willing to trade 333 fish for every Welcome to Called.co.uk The sources are listed in chronological order. Mother and sister were charged of negligence manslaughter. saw D coming towards him. Then apparently that wasn't enough, so I had to start teaching him more and more tricks. There is no requirement of assault or battery or direct or indirect application of force: R v Burstow [1997] 3 WLR 534 Case summary. Also the offence under s.20 is triable-either-way, whereas the offence of grievous bodily harm under s.18 is indictable. For more detailed review of the circumstances in which consent may operate see the lecture outline on consent. D wounded V, causing a cut below his eye during an attempt to In the Burstow case, the appellant was convicted of unlawfully and maliciously inflicting grievous bodily harm for harassing a women . Chat; Life and style; Entertainment; Debate and current affairs; Study help; University help and courses; Universities and HE colleges; Careers and jobs; Explore all the forums on Forums home page



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